Experiment On Aqueous Solutions Solution Stoichiometry Biology Essay

Experiment On Aqueous Solutions Solution Stoichiometry Biology Essay The purpose of this experiment was to study the behavior of electrolytes and non-electrolytes through measuring the conductivity of different solutions. The experiment was divided into two parts. In the first part, the conductivities of seven different solutions were examined. Those solutions were HCl, CH3COOH, NaCl, CaCl2, CH3OH, distilled water and tap water. It was concluded that HCl, NaCl, and CaCl2 were strong electrolytes as they dissociate completely forming free ions. On the other hand, CH3COOH, CH3OH, and the tap water were weak electrolytes. This is because they partially dissociated into ions. Finally, the distilled water was found to be a non-electrolyte. In the second part of the experiment, the concentration of the Ba(OH)2 was determined by a titration process, when reacting with H2SO4 solution. The titration process was held by monitoring the conductivity of the base solution Ba(OH)2 throughout the reaction. This monitoring happened by changing the volume of the strong acid H2SO4 until the equivalence point was reached. Then calculations were done to find the concentration of Ba(OH)2 throughout the reaction, which was found to be 0.1 moles/L. The results of this experiment helps in understanding what types of species are present in different solutions and the strength of conductivities for different types of solutions. Such an experiment is very significant in the field of electricity, as the properties of strong and weak electrolytes play an important because they are considered to the basic components in many industrial products. Results Part (A) In this part of the experiment, the conductivity of different solutions was examined. Those solutions were NaCl, CaCl2 , CH3COOH, HCl, CH3OH, distilled H2O, and tap H2O. All of the solutions were of 0.1molarity. The following table shows the conductivity values collected. Table 1: Conductivity Values of Different Solutions Solutions Conductivity ( ¿Ã‚ ½S/cm) NaCl 13373 CaCl2 16923 CH3COOH 775 HCl 35765 CH3OH 207 Distilled H2O 198 Tap H2O 205 From the results found, it was concluded that the solutions tested varied in conductivity strength. For example, NaCl, CaCl2, and HCl ¿Ã‚ ½s conductivity values were relatively high compared with the other solutions. This clearly implies that they are strong electrolytes. Those three solutions were found to be strong electrolytes because the atoms of each molecule completely dissociated into positive and negative ions inside the aqueous solution, leaving no remaining reactant molecules. Therefore, those ions became free to conduct electricity. The following chemical equations illustrate the dissociation of those three solutions. HCl ? H+ + Cl- Eq(1) NaCl ? Na+ + Cl- Eq(2) CaCl2 ? Ca+ + 2Cl- Eq(3) On the other hand, it was observed that CH3COOH, CH3OH, and the tap water H2O were weak electrolytes because their conductivity was increased, but in a low rate. This happens to be a fact because those three solutions partially dissociated. This means that the atoms of those molecules formed ions, but to a limited extent, as some of those ions got attracted again to form the same molecule. Therefore, only the remaining ions in the solution conducted electricity. The following chemical equations show the reactions of those solutions. The arrow directed to the reactant indicates the reaction of the ions after the  ¿Ã‚ ½partial ¿Ã‚ ½ dissociation. CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO- Eq(4) CH3OH CH3+ + OH Eq(5) H2O H+ + OH- Eq(6) Finally, the distilled Water was found to be a non-electrolyte as the conductivity value was 198, which means that the distilled water had a very poor conductivity power. Therefore, it did not dissociate. As a result, no equation is to be illustrated. Part (B) In this part of the experiment, the concentration of the solution Ba(OH)2 was to be found through titrating it by adding 0.08 M H2SO4 . Various conductivity values were taken by adding few milliliters of H2SO4 into the solution. The table below lists the values of the added H2SO4 and the corresponding conductivity values of Ba(OH)2 solution of every addition. Table 2: The Conductivity of the Solution Ba(OH)2 as H2SO4 is Added. Volume (mL) Conductivity ( ¿Ã‚ ½S/cm) 1.00 5072 3.00 3754 5.00 2452 7.00 1214 8.00 658 9.00 276 10.00 772 10.20 869 10.50 1067 10.60 105 10.70 1191 10.80 1497 10.90 1698 11.00 1898 11.10 2008 11.40 2008 11.60 2435 After conducting the titration process and doing the calculations, the concentration of of Ba(OH)2 was found to be 0.1 mol/L. Calculations In part (B), the concentration of Ba(OH)2 solution was found through serval calculation steps. First, the volume at the equivalence point of H2SO4 was found from the graph produced during the lab to be 9mL, which equaled to 0.009L. Using this value, the number of H2SO4 moles was found from the following equation. Number of Moles = Molarity x Volume Eq(7) H2SO4 Moles = Molarity x Volume = 0.8 x 0.009 = 0.0072 moles of H2SO4 The equation of the reaction was, H2SO4 + Ba(OH)2 ? BaSO4 + 2H2O Eq(8) From equation 8, the ratio of H2SO4 to Ba(OH)2 is 1:1. This implies that the number of moles of both of them was equal. Therefore, as the volume of Ba(OH)2 added was 70mL, the concentration of Ba(OH)2 was found as follows. Molarity= Number of moles / Volume Eq(9) Concentration of Ba(OH)2= Number of moles / Volume = 0.0072moles/ 0.07L = 0.1 moles/L Conclusion It was found out that some solutions were considered to be strong electrolytes like HCl, CaCl2 , and NaCl. This was because of their complete dissociation into the solution, which resulted in forming free ions that conductied electricity. On the other hand, other solutions like Ch3COOH, CH3OH, and tap water were weak electrolyte as they partially dissociated in the solution. Some of the free ions reacted again leaving only few ions. Therefore, the solution conducted electricity, but weakly. The distilled water did not conduct electricity. Therefore, it was a nonelectrolyte. Finally, the titration process was used to determine the concentration of Ba(OH)2 inside the solution, which was 0.1 mol/L.

Is It Education – Education in Hong Kong

Education is of utmost importance as it makes a great impact on a person's whole life. In Finland, kids at the age of 6 or earlier do not have to go to schools, but learn at home through playing games and interacting with people. The teachers there accompany the same group of students for a long time owing to the 9-year compulsory educational system. In Hong Kong, however, ‘education' seems to have lost its meaning and the educational system is still problematic despite several modifications. The first and major problem is being too examination-oriented.This can be explained by the popularity of tutorial schools. Those ‘super tutors' focus on helping students acquire a satisfied result in the examination. Many students seek help from them since whether they can further their studies mainly depends on their academic results. Another piece of evidence can be found on our textbooks. Many of them include a particular section merely for the examinations, such as ‘exam ti ps', ‘exam skills' or ‘exam practice'. This also reflects the phenomenon of examination- orientation. Setting academic results as the major criterion of school entry has twisted people's receptions of education.The existing educational system puts much emphasis on students' academic performance and neglects the significance of developing other aspects, including moral cultivation, life education and other abilities like interpersonal skills. As a result, people seem to have forgotten what the aims of education actually are. Apart from this problem, some social issues have arisen from Hong Gong's ‘education'. One of them is the problem of impoverishment, especially the intergenerational poverty and youth poverty. The former one becomes more severe hen the educational system does not allow poor students to get rid of it via education.The latter one can be resulted when the tuition fees of universities are so high that some students have to grant loans from the govern ment and repay them even when they have been working for years. Hong Kong government has spent many resources on education, though, there are still a multitude of problems that the government has to solve. Not only has it become too exam-orientated, but it also deepens some social problems. What the society wants is a real and comprehensive education which allows students to fully utilize their abilities.

The Theories And Beliefs Of The Enlightenment Era

The study of philosophy has existed since the beginning of time because of human curiosity. It fueled the minds of countless philosophers, all in pursuit of understanding the world through the five branches Epistemology, Metaphysics, Ethics, Politics, and Esthetics. Throughout the age’s different theories and beliefs of philosophers contributed to our current understanding of the world. During the different eras philosophical beliefs influenced events and documents of the time. The Enlightenment Era, often called the Age of Reason, brought about many astonishing works deliberating the nature of human beings. As times progressed to the age of Enlightenment the different ideas surfaced changing the way humans thought of themselves. Philosophers of the time believed in the essential goodness of human nature, this was based on the scientific and technological achievements. However, Rousseau claimed the development of civilization corrupted the natural goodness of humans. The bel iefs during the age of Enlightenment were presented that we are creatures with the ability to reason and human nature is essentially good, contributing many ideas. Each Philosopher of the Enlightenment Period with very different works; Diderot, Rousseau, and Voltaire largely impacted and influenced the world from the Enlightenment period to today across many spectrums. Through the Age of Reason beliefs developed about what humans believe of our nature. Diderot believed in the essential goodness ofShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud s Theory Of The Mind And Behavior Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesconventions as well as reject some of the major ideas of the Enlightenment, which was based on logic and reason. This new age of uncertainty began to challenge the core beliefs of the Enlightenment era. This new era came with exciting, unconventional ways of thinking and expression. Previous scientific beliefs were challenged by Sigmund Freud’s theories and previous ideologies of art were challenged by the various art movements of this era. Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founderRead MoreThe Enlightenment Paradigm Shift Within The Era1628 Words   |  7 PagesThe Enlightenment Paradigm Shift The Enlightenment era, between the 1500s and 1800s was a predominately intellectual movement that saw the development of new ideas, major changes in Church-State relations and scientific discoveries that are still fundamental today. Until the Renaissance and Reformation period the Church, from the ancient to medieval ages, had total domination. The Renaissance era set the ball rolling for the Enlightenment with the beginning of scientific inquiry and search forRead More Transitions of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Periods1675 Words   |  7 PagesTransitions of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Periods The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were times of great emphasis on reason and questioning of faith. The scientists and philosophes of these eras discovered and taught new ideas that often contradicted what the church and former thinkers had taught and believed before them. Most of the intellectual, political, economic, and social characteristics associated with the modernRead MoreEssay on Candide1469 Words   |  6 Pagesthe 18th century, a new ideology began to take hold of Europe. It was during this time that a radical and critical revolution took place to bring about the use of rational thought and enlighten the people about their own beliefs and values; thus igniting the period of Enlightenment. In this period many people followed the teachings of their forefathers, such as Socrates, who was considered a figure of skepticism and rational thought. Challenging all views and theorems was the main point of this newRead MoreRo manticism Vs Transcendentalism795 Words   |  4 Pagesyour mind when hearing the word Transcendentalism? Politics in the Transcendental era were often disregarded, diverting one’s devotion to their own development. Transcendentalism can easily be compared to any other movement, some that may contrast, and some that may complement. Within the era of the growing movement, many arose to challenge the norms, bringing controversy with them. Transcendentalism, a theory that characterized by spiritual thinking, protected intuition from societal pressuresRead MoreOn Equianos Travels and the Enlightenment Essay776 Words   |  4 PagesOn Equianos Travels and the Enlightenment During the eighteenth century, an age of enlightenment fell upon the people of Europe. Across the continent, knowledge and discovery spread like wildfire. During this era, an overwhelming majority of middle-class citizens became literate, partaking in various forms of high culture previously reserved exclusively to the aristocracy. At the same time, while the age of Enlightenment produced prominent theorists, thinkers, and intellectual works, it also madeRead MoreThe 18th Century Enlightenment1487 Words   |  6 Pages Upon analyzing the contemporaries of the 18th century enlightenment period, it is important to note that the idea of â€Å"change† caused unease and anxiety to settle in. The enlightenment was a European philosophical movement led by philosophers, Kant, Voltaire, Rousseau, Hobbes, and Locke. These thinkers began to question the way of life in the contemporary world and discussed the potential of â€Å"man†. Immanuel Kant hypothesized that man is immat ure and has yet to find his true potential. QuestioningRead MoreThe Enlightenment And The Scientific Revolution1128 Words   |  5 PagesIndividualism, the Scientific Revolution, John Locke, and the Age of Discovery, and Religious Wars, the Enlightenment in Europe sparked a movement of change and progress. During the Enlightenment, humans were focused on improving their lives and letting go of or expanding on ancient texts that had set the previous standards. The Scientific Revolution was one event that provided a sturdy foundation to the Enlightenment by having solid evidence of things in the world being contrary to what everyone had thoughtRead MoreThe impacts of the Enlightenment on the European Society 1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe impacts of the Enlightenment on the European Society The Enlightenment is also referred to as the Age of Reason. These names describe the period in America and Europe in the 1700s. During this period, man was emerging from the ignorance centuries into one that was characterized by respect for humanity, science, and reason. The people involved in Enlightenment had the belief that human reason was useful in discovering the universe’s natural laws, determining mankind’s natural rights, and therebyRead MoreThe Enlightenment Era Of 1620 And 1789910 Words   |  4 Pages Enlightenment Era of 1620 and 1789 The European politics, communication, science and philosophy were radically reoriented between 1685 and 1815, during a time that was referred to as the Age of Reason, or in other words, the Enlightenment Era. The European thinkers from Britain, France and throughout Europe started questioning the traditional authority and developed the idea that humanity could be made better through rational change. As a result of the Enlightenment, there was production of numerous

Isoraite Explained About The Meaning Of Benchmarking That

Isoraite explained about the meaning of benchmarking that â€Å"Benchmarking is a powerful vehicle for quality improvement and a paradigm for effectively managing the transformation of public – sector organizations into public-sector organizations quality† (2004, p.21). Organizations should have to analyze on their products, services, performances or processes and compare to the other companies who have the best practices. It has many types to compare the organization with other organizations. For the freight forwarder businesses should compare by using the external benchmarking. According to Isoraite â€Å"External Benchmarking involves seeking outside organizations that are known to be best in class. External benchmarking provides opportunities of†¦show more content†¦The customers will use other freight forwarder companies. It also depends on the space and the rate of the airlines freight. So, the organization should learn from the best performance of other companies. In organizations, no one perfect in everything, they may have the best in something and other companies may have the best in other things. It is better to learn from them all and try to adapt to match and suit with the company. From the benchmarking, my family business have to analyze where it is in the market, who is the best in the industry, how they do it and how can the business it better. The information that can help to definite into the benchmarking process is the SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats). The SWOT analysis has two factors, which are internal and external factors. The internal factors are strengths and weaknesses. The external factors are opportunities and threats. Investopedia defined that â€Å"Strengths describe what an organization excels at and separates it from the competition† (2017, para.5). The strengths of my family businesses are open for more than twenty-years, has more reputation in the freight forwarder businesses, it has two locations at central of Bangkok and the other location where is inside the free zone of the airport of Thailand and received the top